Faculty of Law, Makerere University
L315 Principles of International Law
Module: International Economic Law and International Human Rights:
Concurrency or Integration?
Peter J. Barnacle
March/April 2009
Outline
Format: Lecture
Class
Topic
Reading List and Reference Materials
1
Introduction: International Economic Law (IEL)
(a) Overview
· What is International Economic Law?
· Where does it fit in the International Law Framework?
· Distinction between Private and Public IEL
· International Financial Institutions – Regional IFI’s
· The WTO and International Trade Regimes
READING LIST:
United Nations GA 3201: Declaration on the Establishment of a New Economic Order (1973)
United Nations GA 41/128: Declaration on the right to development (1986)
United Nations GA/10748: World Leaders Pledge to Reinvigorate ‘Global Partnership of Equals’ to End Poverty, Hunger, Underdevelopment in Africa, (2008)
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD): The Paris Declaration (2005)
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD): Uganda – 2008 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration
World Bank: Global Program Funds at the Country Level: What have we learned? Concessional Finance and Global Partnerships (2008) [implementation of the Paris Declaration]
Jackson: Global Economics and International Economic Law
Stiglitz: The Promise of Global Institutions
Sitgliz: The Way Ahead
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (2008)
REFERENCE:
ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law: International Economic Law (American Society of International Law)
http://www.asil.org/resource/iel1.htm
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD): Uganda – 2008 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration
World Bank: Global Program Funds at the Country Level: What have we learned? Concessional Finance and Global Partnerships (July 2008)
Sitgliz, The Way Ahead, in Globalization and Its Discontents (Penguin Books, London: 2002) at 214-252
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (2008)
(b) Public International Law
Post-Second World War Internationalism
Bretton Woods and the new institutions
Failure of the International Trade Organisation (ITO) in 1950 and rebirth as the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995
READING LIST:
The IMF and the World Bank (IMF Factsheet, September 2008)
The World Bank Turns Up Criticism of the IMF (1998)
What are the main concerns and criticisms about the World Bank and the IMF?, Bretton Woods Project (2005)
The IMF and the World Trade Organization (IMF Factsheet, September 2008)
REFERENCES:
Fulfilling the Marrakesh Mandate on Coherence: Ten Years of Cooperation between the WTO, IMF and World Bank (WTO Discussion Paper No. 13)
http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers13_e.pdf
2
International Financial Institutions (IFI’s):
(a) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Governance and Policy – Historical and Current
Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP)
Heavily Indebted Poor countries Initiative (HIPC)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
READING LIST:
Selected IMF Factsheets:
· What is the IMF?(September 2006)
· IMF Conditionality (May 2008)
· The Joint World Bank – IMF Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries (May 2007)
· Debt Relief under the HIPC Initiative (January 2009)
· PRGF (October 2008)
· MDRI (January 2009)
· IMF and Millennium Development Goals (April 2008)
· Climate Change, the Environment and the Work of the IMF (September 2008)
Taillant: Human Rights and the International Financial Institutions, The Sustainable Justice 2002 (Montreal)
Part I and IV: Introduction to World Bank and IMF Articles of Agreement and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers.
Uganda: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Letter of Understanding (Government of Uganda, 17 May 2007)
Uganda: Staff Assessment of Qualification for the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (IMF, 8 December 2005)
Selassie: Beyond Macroeconomic Stability: The Quest For Industrialization in Uganda, IMF Working Paper WP/08/231, September 2008.
International Monetary Fund: Uganda: Third Review under the Policy Support Instrument and Request for Waiver and Modification of Assessment Criteria, IMF Country Report No. 08/236 July 2008
Parts I, II, V, Appendix I and Attachment I.
International Monetary Fund: Kenya, Uganda, and United Republic of Tanzania: Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 08/33, October 2008. [excerpts]
REFERENCE:
Stiglitz: The East Asia Crisis: How the IMF Brought the World to the Verge of a Global Meltdown, Chapter 4, 89-132 and The IMF’s Other Agenda, Chapter 8, 195-213, in Globalization and Its Discontents (Penguin Books, London: 2002).
UNCTAD: Economic Development in Africa: From Adjustment to Poverty Reduction: What is New?(2002)
http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/pogdsafricad2.en.pdf
UNCTAD: Economic Development in Africa: Reclaiming Policy Space (2007)
http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/aldcafrica2007_en.pdf
Uganda: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (August 2005)
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05307.pdf
3
IFI’s continued:
(b)The World Bank Group and Regional Banks
The World Bank:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)International Development Association (IDA)
The World Bank Group
International Finance Corporation (IFC)Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Regional Banks
African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank
Inter-American Development Bank
READING LIST:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: Background
International Development Association: What is IDA?
International Finance Corporation: IFC in Brief
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency : About MIGA
Synopsis of World Development Reports (1995-2005)
Overview: World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (2007)
World Bank and International Finance Corporation: Doing Business 2009- Country Profile for Uganda
International Development Association (IDA): Uganda Country Brief (2007)
International Development Association (IDA): Uganda Poverty Reduction Support Credit 7 Proposal (2008). [excerpts]
World Bank: Bujagali Hydropower Project
REFERENCE:
IFC Performance Standards
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/PerformanceStandards
4
Trade Regimes:
(a) World Trade Organisation (WTO)
General
READING LIST:
Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation (1995)
The WTO in Brief
Understanding the WTO: Chapter 7, The Organisation
Understanding the WTO: Developing Countries
Understanding the WTO: Least-developed countries
Ten Benefits of the WTO Trading System
Ten Common Misunderstandings about the WTO
Wallach and Woodall: The WTO and the Developing World: Do as We Say, Not as We Did
Appellate Body: Annual Report January 2008 (Annex 6, pp61-78)
Uganda Trade Policy Review (2001) – Report by the Government
REFERENCE:
Understanding the WTO
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/understanding_e.pdf
The Future of the WTO (2004)
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/10anniv_e/future_wto_e.pdf
Uganda: Trade Policy Review Report by the Secretariat (2001)go to:
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm#chronologically
and search Uganda and Secretariat Reports
Stiglitz: Unfair Trade Laws and Other Mischief, in Globalization and Its Discontents (Penguin Books, London: 2002), at 166-179.
UNCTAD: Economic Development in Africa: Trade Performance and Commodity Dependence (2003)
http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/pogdsafricad2.en.pdf
WTO Legal Texts:
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm
Treaties
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)ApplicationExceptionsDispute ResolutionArticle XX
Agreement on Agriculture
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (Expired January 1, 2005)
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Other Treaties
READING LIST:
ANNEX 1A: GATT 1994 and GATT 1947, Articles I, III, XX and XXI
WTO: United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (“Shrimp – Turtle” case), Report of the Appellate Body 12 October 1998 (WT/DS58/AB/R) [Excerpts]
ANNEX 1A: Agreement on Agriculture, Articles 1-4, 15, 16 and ANNEX 2
ANNEX 1A: Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, Article 1, 2 and 9
ANNEX 1B: GATS, Article II, IV, V, XIV and XIV bis
ANNEX 1C: TRIPS, Article 1, 3, 4, 8, 41, 42 and 43
REFERENCE:
ANNEX 2: Dispute Resolution
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/28-dsu.pdf
GATS Fact and Fiction
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsfacts1004_e.pdf
Trade Regimes:
(b) Regional Trade Agreements
READING LIST:
The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements: 2006 Update (WTO Discussion Paper No. 12)
Trade Regimes:
(c)Investment and Other Trade Related Treaties and Programmes
Bilateral Investment Treaties
Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)
ACP
EU
United States
Alternatives
READING LIST:
Sorensen: Bilateral Investment Treaties and Disputes
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
European Commission: Generalized System of Preferences
Gruszczynski: The EC General System of Preferences and International Obligations in the Area of Trade – The Never-Ending Story
Office of the United States Trade Representative: Generalized System of Preferences
Office of the United States Trade Representative: 2008 AGOA Report [excerpts]
REFERENCE:
Dolzer and Stevens: Bilateral Investment Treaties (1995), C1 and C2
UNCTAD: Generalized System of Preferences: List of Beneficiaries
http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/itcdtsbmisc62rev2_en.pdf
European Commission: Fair Trade
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/january/tradoc_113080.pdf
5
International Human Rights (IHR): Framework re Social and Economic Rights
General Sources of IHR Social and Economic RightsUN Human Rights Instruments
International Labour Organisation (ILO)Regional Regimes and Institutions (Africa, Europe, North America)Soft law: International and Corporate Codes of Conduct
Individual Labour RightsIndividual: discrimination; occupational health and safety; children; forced labour; labour mobility
Collective Labour RightsFreedom of association; collective bargaining; right to strikeITUC, GUF’s and NGO’s
READING LIST:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 1948)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (UN, 1966)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESR) (UN, 1966)
ILO: List of Conventions
Uganda (31 Ratified, 30 in force)
ILO: ILO Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998)
ILO Conventions:
· C87 Freedom of Association, 1948 (Uganda 2005)
· C98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining, 1949 (Uganda 1963)
· C29 Forced Labour, 1930 (Uganda 1963)
· C105 Abolition of Forced Labour,1957 (Uganda 1963)
· C138 Minimum Age Requirements, 1973 (Uganda 2003)
· C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (Uganda 2001)
· C100 Equal Remuneration, 1951 (Uganda 2005)
· C11 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), 1958 (Uganda 2005)
6
Integrating IEL and IHR
(a) The IFI’s
WB/IMF – Governance and Policy(b) Trade
WTO and Regional Trade Regimes
Social Clause
Social Labelling
(c) Investment
READING LIST:
Organization of American States (OAS): International Financial Institutions & Human Rights Law, Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, March 1, 2007.
Taillant: Human Rights and the International Financial Institutions, The Sustainable Justice 2002 (Montreal) – Part II, III, V and VI
Bachand and Rousseau: International Investment and Human Rights: Political and Legal Issues
George: Globalizing Rights?
Petersmann: Human Rights, Constitutionalism and the World Trade Organization: Challenges for World Trade Organization Jurisprudence and Civil Society, Leiden Journal of International Law 19 (2006) 633-687
Hoogvelt, Africa: Exclusion and Containment of Anarchy, in Globalization and the Postcolonial World
Trebilcock and Howse: Trade and Labour Rights
IFC Exclusion List
European Commission: Trade and Labour Standards
Trade Sustainability Impact Assessments
UNCTAD: Case Study on Uganda (May 2006)
Fields: International Labor Standards and Decent Work: Perspectives from the Developing World
Leary: “Form Follows Function”: Formulations of International Labor Standards – Treaties, Codes, Soft Law, Trade Agreements
IFC Performance Standard No. 2: Labour and Working Conditions
Office of the United States Trade Representative: Labor: Internationally recognized labor principles incorporated into trade agreements
Freeman: A hard-headed look at labour standards
Sengenberger: International labour standards in the globalized economy: obstacles and opportunities for achieving progress
Cornish, Faraday, Verma: Securing gender justice: the challenge facing international labour law
REFERENCE:
Barnacle, Promoting Labour Rights in International Financial Institutions and Trade Regimes, 67 Saskatchewan Law Review 609
Moon: The WTO-Minus Strategy: Development and human rights under WTO Law, University of New South Wales, 2006
(http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLRS/2008/10.txt/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/au/journals/UNSWLRS/2008/10.rtf)
International Labour Organisation: Decent Work Initiative and Links
http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Decentwork/lang--en/index.htm
International Labour Organisation: Gender Equality and Links
http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Equality_and_Discrimination/GenderEquality/lang--en/index.htm
European Commission: Promoting Decent Work for All
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/january/tradoc_133057.pdf
Blackett: Whither social clause: Human Rights Trade Theory and Treaty Interpretation, 31 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 1
George, Globalizing Rights, in Gibney, ed. Globalizing Rights (Oxford Amnesty Lectures: 1999) at 15-33.
Leary, “Form Follows Function”: Formulations of International Labor Standards – Treaties, Codes, Soft Law, Trade Agreements in Flanagan and Gould, ed. International Labour Standards (Stanford University Press: 2003) at 179-205
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